The Differential Association Theory Criminology Essay

The Differential Association Theory Criminology Essay Hypotheses inside criminology attempt to clarify why and how wrongdoing happens. This is done through looking at different realities that are identified with the people criminal conduct and the wrongdoing they carry out. There are a wide scope of speculations which can be utilized to clarify the reasons for wrongdoing and freak conduct from young people. Youth wrongdoing is a significant issue in the public arena; this article will talk about three hypotheses, the differential affiliation hypothesis, the marking hypothesis and the reason decision hypothesis. The hypotheses will talked about and how they can clarify wrongdoing will likewise be examined, at that point an examination of the speculations will be provided so as to recognize their qualities and shortcomings in clarifying youth wrongdoing. The differential affiliation hypothesis is one of the most esteemed speculations inside criminology. This hypothesis was first found by Edwin Sutherland (1947), he built up the differential affiliation hypothesis so as to clarify how young people take part in demonstrations of criminal conduct. This hypothesis characterizes criminal conduct as educated conduct which is gained through social contact with others (Hollin, 2007:). This hypothesis clarifies how people figure out how to take part in criminal conduct through their perspectives, drive and thought process behind the criminal demonstration. An individual is well on the way to be engaged with criminal conduct on the off chance that they invest various measure of energy with an individual who has a criminal foundation and accepts that violating the law is worthy. Besides Sutherland (1974) distinguishes nine primary factors that can be utilized to clarify why an individual takes part in criminal conduct. This paper will currently clarify the nine factors in detail. The main factor that Sutherland accepts is the explanation with respect to why an individual takes part in criminal conduct is on the grounds that the conduct is found out. Sutherland and Cressey (1960) accept that the activities of an individual are affected by the individuals they partner with. It is accepted that on the grounds that the individual primary affiliation is with their family, as that is whom they have grown up and live with, so in this manner the individual social qualities and standards are figured from them. Sutherland additionally expressed that scholarly conduct isn't developed, nor is it acquired The abilities and strategies required for a person to draw in crime are not naturally gotten from birth, or through relationship with lawbreakers, rather they are gained through a procedure of learning (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123). The subsequent rule discredits that criminal conduct is found out through the individual seeing degenerate or criminal conduct. Rather this accepts culpability is found out conduct however collaboration with others during the time spent correspondence. At an exceptionally youthful age youngsters are acclimated with the standards of society, they are shown the jobs of both a sexual orientations by individuals around them. They additionally get familiar with these jobs by watching the male or female attributes identifying with the particular sexual orientation. For instance an individual may find out about prostitution through seeing the nonverbal reactions of these others towards the action, for example, rolling the eyes or gazing and through conversations with individuals who take part in that action (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123). Likewise Curran (2001) expressed that correspondence is a case of how hoodlums are deceived into an existence of wrongdoing and degenerate conduct (Curra n, 2001: 143). The third rule expresses that people carry out wrongdoing since they are affected by the conduct of cozy individuals, for example, relatives and dear companions. Techniques for correspondence from TV or potentially media are less powerful in affecting the individual (Sutherland and Cressey, 1960: 123). The fourth factor from Sutherlands hypothesis is that learning criminal conduct includes learning explicit procedures, drives, intentions and legitimization. Having an essential gathering of individuals around doesn't really imply that the individual will participate in wrongdoing, however it means that they have the assets into the criminal basis. For instance being around an individual who is has been indicted for sexual offense, may give the individual information into how to participate in a similar wrongdoing, however the individual may decide not to take part in that wrongdoing since they know from their socialization of cultural standards that a sexual offense is unsuitable (Sutherland and Cressey, 1960: 123). Curran (2001) accepts that the particular course of thought processes and perspectives is found out from meanings of legitimate codes, for example, positive and unfavourable.The fifth factor can be seen when considering societies structure the United Kingdom and the Unit ed States. The two nations encapsulate different societies and each culture has various observations regarding what is ideal and ominous inside society and this can cause a social clash. The people expert lawbreaker or against criminal goals are created dependent on learned originations of the law as either ideal or horrible (Sutherland Cressey, 1960:123) The most significant rule inside the differential affiliation hypothesis is the 6th standard, which is when people partner themselves with individuals that take part in criminal conduct and trust it is worthy. Sutherland contends that an individual becomes reprobate just when definitions great for infringement of law surpass definitions troublesome to infringement of law (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123).The seventh and eight factor expresses that the affiliation differ in term, need, recurrence and power. (Sutherland Cressey, 1960: 123 124). For instance, if a small kid is raised by a medication client they will be presented to more grounded meanings of degenerate conduct and will be more to prone to take part in freak conduct, than an adolescent who has observers somebody ingesting medications at a party.The last rule accepts that despite the fact that criminal conduct is a statement of requirements and qualities, it can't be clarified by those necessities since criminal conduct is a n outflow of similar needs and qualities (Sutherland Cressey,1960: 124). For instance if two people where both spurred by a need to pick up cash and regard, yet one individual take part in criminal conduct so as to get the cash and regard. While the other individual occupied with acclimating conduct. So in this manner the requirement for cash and regard can't be utilized as a clarification for a person to carry out wrongdoing. The second hypothesis that will be talked about is naming hypothesis. This hypothesis asserts that abnormality and similarity doesn't rise up out of the people activities, yet rather from how others react to the activities. Marcionis and Plummer (2005) express that marking hypothesis features social reaction to wrongdoing and aberrance. The marking hypothesis got prevailing in the mid 1960s and the late 1970s when it was utilized as a sociological hypothesis of wrongdoing persuasive in testing universal energy criminology. The primary scholastics in this hypothesis were Becker and Lement. Lement (1951) first settled the perspective on freak, and later created by Becker (1963). Marking hypothesis has become a prevailing worldview in the clarification of abnormality. This hypothesis is made by the presumption that degenerate conduct is to be not just by the infringement of standards inside society, yet additionally by any conduct which is characterized as marked or freak. Abnormality i sn't simply the demonstration, however the reactions others provide for the demonstration. Becker (1963) accepted that social gatherings make aberrance by making the guidelines whose infraction establish abnormality, and by applying those principles to specific people and naming them as untouchables. He likewise expressed that abnormality isn't the demonstration that the individual submits, yet the results of the use of others by rules and authorizes to a guilty party. Furthermore, the degenerate one is whom the mark has effectively been applied to. Abnormality has been recognized into essential and optional aberrance by Lement (1951). Lement portrayed essential abnormality as meager responses from others which have little impact on a people self-idea and optional aberrance as individuals pushing the freak individual out of the group of friends, which can in this way cause the person to look for the organization of individuals who overlook degenerate conduct. Lement (1951) further contended that as opposed to review wrongdoing as a main to control, it might be progressively profitable to see wrongdoing as something with control organizations organized. Auxiliary abnormality drives Goffman (1963) to characterize freak profession. Goffman expressed that individuals who gain a disgrace which is a ground-breaking pessimistic name which changes a people self-idea and social character. Criminal indictment is one manner by which an individual is marked in a negative, as opposed to positive way. Scheff (1984) accepts that deriding indiv iduals can regularly prompt review naming, which is the comprehension of a people past with the current abnormality. Scheff (1984) likewise accepts that review naming mutilates a people life in a biased manner guided by shame and this is an unjustifiable activity. Deriding youngsters may really lead them into a degenerate vocation. Howard Becker (1963) asserted that social gatherings make abnormality by naming people as untouchables. Through an utilization of infraction comprise abnormality. Moreover marking theorys way to deal with abnormality chiefly focuses on the social response to a freak demonstration submitted by a person just as the connection procedure that paves the way to the naming. This hypothesis therefor proposes that an excess of consideration has been given to hoodlums by criminology since criminology sees lawbreakers as kinds of individuals close by the lacking thoughtfulness regarding the assortment of social control reactions. This in this way implies the police, law, media and open affiliation help shape wrongdoing. This is upheld by the contention hypothesis which shows how aberrance thinks about disparities and force. This methodology may likewise

Based on your own holistic assessment of a child who has difficulty Essay Example

In view of your own comprehensive evaluation of a kid who experiences issues Essay Example In view of your own comprehensive evaluation of a kid who experiences issues Essay In view of your own comprehensive evaluation of a kid who experiences issues Essay This task is fixated on a 3 twelvemonth old male youngster, Martin who is showing practices unsuitable to his boss carer. The independences of the family and other individual inside informations have been changed for the purpose of this task to keep anonymity. This task will tell the best way to set up and more remote build up an adoring and supporting relationship. It will plainly put the significance of the positive connections for all children inside their first mature ages of life and how these are framed through holding and affectionate respect. This bit of work will talk the principals of humanistic mental science and delineate the cultural procurement hypothesis, it will demo how Martin's practices identify with these speculations. It will put the significance of the expert/parent connections and obstructions which may affect these connections. The task will put what a comprehensive evaluation is, its significance and significance, and will put the potential reason for Martin' s conduct. Plans will be inspected to back up his female parent to actualize positive child rearing habits, estimating these habits, and the interest for consistence to advance positive practices. The method of connection creates between two individuals and is improved by correspondence. It is a cultural relationship which creates among child and adult as bit of the security solidifying the sentiments of security towards one another. Lorenz ( 1950 ) examined why angel vitalize creatures fortified with their female guardians so quickly after birth, he found that newly brought forth ducklings engrave on the principal thing they see and follow that figure as though it were their female parent, Lorenz proposed that there was a delicate period during a goslings life where it would 'fix' on any moving figure . This delicate period was immediately after the birth. Bowlby ( 1969 ) further built up this hypothesis, his choices lead to the hypothesis that there is other than a touchy period in a people life, and if holding and connection doesn't take topographic point inside the primary mature ages so the child will happen inconvenience sorting out connections in ulterior life. He expre ssed that, even great mothering is about pointless whenever deferred until after the age of more than two mature ages ( Bowlby 1969 ) . Bowlby contended against Lorenz s hypothesis in that universes have an interest for a two way affectionate respect, not quite the same as that of ducks however there was a kind of human engraving, ( Lunt and Sylva,1995 p.33 ) a delicate period and an interest to fix on one individual and stay fixed. Bowlby ( 1969 ) other than found that human darlings are pulled in to the sight and sound of universes rather than different items and commotions ( Lunt and Sylva,1995 p.45 ) . He other than expressed that an affectionate respect can non be shaped after the age of two mature ages a half year in any case Tizard ( 1977 ) contended that children could sort out affectionate respects in thusly adolescence yet brought about forceful, perchance adolescent wrongdoing in immature mature ages and early development. In the review by Anna Freud ( 1950 ) of the stranded Bull Dog Banks kids she inferred that children can create affectionate respects without a female parent or male parent figure and even without a steady adult The children faired praiseworthily by ensuring and thinking about one another ( Lunt and Sylva 1995 p.14 ) . These children developed solid affectionate respects with one another and became, as it were, dependent on one another for security. Anyway no data is thought about any previous holding or affectionate respect with birth guardians, which is an imperfection in this examination. Further down the road they got down to sort out affectionate respects with adults. This exploration was uncertain as no more remote grounds was accessible in the children s later lives to turn out for the last time that the nonattendance of a female parent affectionate respect is significant for ulterior passionate stableness. Harlow ( 1958 ) in his study of the Rhesus Monkeys contended that if th e underlying bond and, solace, consolation, contact, stableness and reciprotical love is non present so socialization with others is hard, as is having sexual, and mothering of their ain offspring sometime down the road. Shafer and Emerson ( 1962 ) found that most infants framed affectionate respects to a few people, related through blood ties or non, and by the age of year and a half children have shaped numerous affectionate respects. These affectionate respects depend on the nature of the association. Infants whose female guardians play a bunch with them, and give them plentifulness of incitement and unified joining in, create more grounded affectionate respects ( Lunt and Sylva,1995 p.49 ) . A connection produces for continuance expectations, the shaping of this connection conceivably hard for an arrangement of grounds including, rashness, birth inconveniences, wretchedness, or hapless youth encounters. The affectionate respect of an infant can be decided by the darlings response to being isolated from the adult. Ainsworth ( 1978 ) recommended that partition appears in changed signifiers, the child might be avoidant, irresolute or disarranged and disorientated, she proposed this may verify and demo that affectionate respects are either secure or unreliable with the main wellbeing proficient. Each child responds in any case to being isolated from their folks however all follow a type of dissent, urgency thus withdrawal, this mirrors a child with a positive solid affectionate respect. Following takes topographic point in a flash after or inside long periods of birth, this bond iniates a methodology called affectionate respect which so begins to create. This bond is built up between a parent and child, it envelops the solid sentiments of affection and consideration that a female parent or male parent feels toward a child ( Andrews, Murray, 2005.p.2 ) . This early bond is significant for darlings and is viewed as irreplaceable for them to have the option to create positive affectionate respects sometime down the road ( Beresford, 2010. p. 4 ) . Baby knead meets the of import components that help connection it includes high degrees of oculus contact, skin contact, voicing, darling signs and The 'move 'of obtaining intently around each other ( McClure, 2004. p.50 ) . Baby rub permits parent and child to be in a state of harmony with each other. On the off chance that holding or the approaching of affectionate respect has been postponed because of partition of the pare nt and child, back rub can help to set up affectionate respect which McClure ( 2004 ) grounds is neer unreasonably late. An uncertain affectionate respect prompts inconveniences in development, overseeing sentiments great, and these can be passed on when a parent thinks that its hard to respond satisfactorily to their darlings. Connection is essential for the model constitution of passionate security. The nonattendance of this can take to low conscience respect and an inadequacy to cover with life's difficulties. ( Gerhardt 2004 p.24 ) St. martins guardians were both bit of his initial encounters in his initial months and mature ages. They were each piece antiphonal to Martin, with affectability and consistence, run intoing his essential mental requests each piece great as his enthusiastic and formative requests. Maslow ( 1954 ) Humanistic assault recommends that all universes have complex requests that should be met, get bringing down with physiological requests, the request is hierarchal and every degree should be met before a move can be made upward to self actualising ( see addendum 1 ) . This work was viewed as An unsmooth hands on speculation about the vast majority in most condition of affairss, however it is non genuinely satisfactory as a record of human thought process ( Haynes, 1994 p.435 ) . Erikson ( 1968 ) states that All of life is a progression of difficulties that must be defeated with the goal for us to be at effortlessness with ourselves yet non that each challenge would require to be fulfilled b efore attempted another, in any case back uping Maslow trigon that everybody needs to make their conceivable. Rogers ( 1961 ) contends against Maslow and recommends that there are two cardinal human requests, positive regard, to be adored and regarded by another, and furthermore, self-acknowledgment. Both are essential requests, and these could non be left hidden without mental injury to an individual ( Haynes.1994 p.436 ) . Social larning hypothesis is an assault that is accepted to back up kid create through children larning from others around them, duplicating and designing practices on others. Learning takes topographic point through our associations with the earth. Feelingss do non do conduct, it is the earth and incitement that do ( Beresford, 2010 p. 2 ) . Our encounters follow up on how we are currently and we will be in the great beyond. Everybody has familial sensitivities towards specific sorts of conduct, it is our encounters which will affect how those tendencies show themselves ( Haynes, 1994 p.728 ) . Impersonation enables a child to accumulate data and learn entire types of conduct. A Freudian hypothesis is that a child will put with the parent of a similar sex as themselves a build of assignment, taking on that singular s independence and demonstrating from them, it is a tricky way in which a juvenile child ingests or acclimatizes the highlights of another person with no immediate guidan ce or procurement ( Lunt and Sylva, 1995 p181 ) . Kids are driven by joining in and wagess and will all the more promptly duplicate individual they see remunerated for a conduct or their activities ( Bandura 1969 ) . Kids relate to other people, they consider some to be as being such as themselves as well as other people as various, they may move in a similar way they see the other individual moving thus relating to them, curiously individuals close to them. As children travel through the periods of improvement ( see reference section 2 ) they build up an anxiety of how the head functions, what they can and ca nt make ( their limitations ) and how the memory functions. Kids figure out how to constr

The Scary Facts About Formaldehyde in Cigarette Smoke

The Scary Facts About Formaldehyde in Cigarette Smoke Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print The Scary Facts About Formaldehyde in Cigarette Smoke By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on October 02, 2015 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on July 25, 2019 Ralf Wendrich/Moment Open/Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Most Common Human Exposures In Cigarette Smoke In E-Cigarette Vapor Short-Term Health Risks Long-Term Health Risks View All Back To Top Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a strong odor. A small amount of formaldehyde is produced in our bodies naturally, but most formaldehyde is released into the  environment by the burning of fuels and household waste. Cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor both contain formaldehyde. Most of us think of formaldehyde as a liquid, but in reality, the substance that is used to preserve biological specimens is called formalin, a mixture of formaldehyde gas, water,  and methyl alcohol. Formaldehyde is also an industrial chemical that is present in a wide variety of applications. Its used to produce building materials (including pressed wood products) and many household products and is even a part of the manufacturing process for wrinkle-free cloth. Formaldehyde is also used in glues, adhesives and disinfectant products. Surprisingly, formaldehyde is also used to deactivate live viruses and toxins that are used in making vaccines. This process is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Dangerous Chemicals in Cigarettes Most Common Human Exposures The most common way people are exposed to formaldehyde is by  breathing air that is tainted with it in poorly ventilated indoor environments. Products made with formaldehyde can release this gas  over time, causing the concentration to build up in enclosed areas. A common source of formaldehyde exposure comes from cigarette smoke, which is laden with formaldehyde. Research suggests that e-cigarette vapor also contains formaldehyde, though in quantities that are usually less than what is present in cigarette smoke.  Breathing secondhand and thirdhand smoke indoors is a contributing factor for formaldehyde exposure as well. In Cigarette Smoke Formaldehyde is a by-product of the combustion process of cigarette smoking. According to an article in the American Journal of Public Health,  formaldehyde in sidestream smoke (the smoke wafting from the end of a lit cigarette)  is present in concentrations of up to three times occupational limits. A person who smokes 20 cigarettes a day can have a level of formaldehyde in their blood that measures between .9 and 2 milligrams depending on the brand of cigarette and how well ventilated the area theyre smoking in is. Formaldehyde is responsible for some of the nose, throat and eye irritation smokers experience when breathing in cigarette smoke. In E-Cigarette Vapor In a letter published in the January 22, 2015 issue New England Journal of Medicine, researchers suggest that a masked form of formaldehyde is present in the condensed liquid from e-cigarette vapor in concentrations much higher than in cigarette smoke. The scientists call it masked because it is a slightly different form of formaldehydeâ€"one that they feel is more likely to be deposited on delicate lung tissue, once inhaled. Formaldehyde levels in the blood tend to be less than they are with cigarettes.  The average measured  is approximately  1mg, but this is  dependent in part on the heat setting of the electronic cigarette device being used to administer the e-cigarette vapor and the amount inhaled. Facts About e-Cigarettes Short-Term Health Risks When formaldehyde is present in the air at levels exceeding 0.1 parts per million, some individuals may experience short-term health effects, including: Watering of the eyesBurning sensations of the eyes, nose, and throatCoughingWheezingNauseaSkin irritation Some people are quite sensitive to formaldehyde, while others have no reaction to the same level of exposure. People who are sensitive to formaldehyde run the risk of developing asthma from continued exposure to inhaled formaldehyde. Long-Term Health Risks Lab studies have shown that exposure to formaldehyde could cause nasal cancer in rats, and some studies of industrial workers have suggested that formaldehyde exposure might be associated with nasal cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer in humans. In 1995, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that formaldehyde was a probable human carcinogen. However, in a reevaluation of existing data in June 2004, the IARC reclassified formaldehyde as a known human carcinogen. Because it rapidly changes in chemical composition once its absorbed, scientists think inhaled formaldehyde is primarily an upper respiratory tract cancer risk. More research is needed to understand what happens when it reaches the lungs. Researchers also believe that formaldehyde is a significant risk factor for myeloid leukemia. To date, science has identified more than 7,000 chemicals, including 250 poisonous and 70 carcinogenic compounds in commercially produced cigarette smoke. If youre still smoking, start working on a plan to quit. Smoking is a dangerous habit that has serious health consequences. Statistics on the Dangers of Smoking

JFK Assasination Conspiracy Theories Essay - 3168 Words

November 22, 1963, marks the day of the depletion of the American peoples trust in their government. It also marks the beginning of one of the biggest conspiracies still being investigated by conspiracy theorists. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, our 35th, youngest elected president, was killed that day. Many say Lee Harvey Oswald was the shooter but I think Oswald never even pulled the trigger. Oswald was just an easy mark to pin the crime on, he was set up, most likely by the CIA who he was speculated to be a member of. This topic has long interested me since I was a little kid. I would always ask why our government would lie about how and why JFK was killed, it did not make any sense to me and still doesnt. The†¦show more content†¦However, as soon as Kennedy became president his brother, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began a vigorous campaign against the mob. According to the theory, the mob killed Kennedy in revenge and also to stop the attorney generals campaign (Did the Mafia Conspire to Kill President Kennedy?). It is thought that Vice President had motive to kill JFK so that he could assume the presidency. The CIA wanted JFK eliminated because he wanted to withdraw U.S forces from the Vietnam war which would destroy some of their links. JFK did not like the CIA anyway and said that he would tear it [CIA] to a thousand shreds. The CIA saw him as an immense threat that would lead to their ultimate demise and had motive to kill him because of that (The CIA and the JFK assassination). Lee Harvey Oswald was the actual man accused of killing the president on November 22, 1963. Or was Lee Harvey Oswald the man who just took the fall for killing him? It is a question that has been circulating the American people and the assassination investigation ever since Oswald was killed two days after he supposedly killed Kennedy. Oswalds real only clear motive for killing Kennedy was that his beliefs did not fit the presidents so he had to kill himShow MoreRelatedA Look into the Assassination of JFK981 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the United States and The Soviet Union. He tried very hard to not get involved in what would turn into the â€Å"Cold War† since the US had just gotten out of war from World War II ending and since the people of the US were very against another war. JFK, although he was a very popular politician, had a few enemies who didn’t agree with how he governed our country. And while going on a campaign tour in Dallas, Texas, he met one of his enemies and was assassinated on November 22, 1963. He was shot whileRead MoreThe Assassination of J.F.K. Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesDespite all of the other theories, the most believable theory is that the federal government was involved in the assassination of the President. The federal government involvement in the Kennedy assassination can be seen through the quick findings that Oswald acted alone in the assassination, through CIA and FBI actions after the assassination, and through the actions of President Johnson following the assassination of President Kennedy. There are many other theories about the assassination ofRead More JFK ASSASINATION THEORY Essay3447 Words   |  14 PagesJFK ASSASINATION THEORY November 22, 1963, was one of the darkest days in the history of the United States of America. It was a day of complete turmoil. People all over the country dropped everything that they were doing. Children were permitted to go home from school and people huddled around their televisions in shock as they watched the days events. On this day, John F. Kennedy was brutally assassinated in Dallas, Texas. John F. Kennedy was probably the most beloved and popular president

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay examples - 786 Words

Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus In Marry Shelly’s book Frankenstein, she tells the story of a man named Victor Frankenstein. The character of Frankenstein contains traits that parallel Prometheus from Greek mythology. Through his actions and emotions Victor Frankenstein becomes the modern Prometheus by producing ill-fated actions that carry tragic consequences just as Prometheus’ did. Prometheus was a figure in Greek mythology who created the conflict between mankind and the God’s. Prometheus one day decided to steal fire from the sun and give it to the people for their advantage. Mankind then had the ability to create tools and weapons. Prometheus was then punished by the God’s and was chained to a rock where he was visited by an†¦show more content†¦After Frankenstein gave life to his monster â€Å"...the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart (Shelley 35).† He is attempting to play God and created a species even when he cannot create his own parts. This is similar to Prometheus in that he steals fire from the god’s in order to make mankind superior. He also fashions man out of clay using the fire from the sun. He was punished for this by the God’s. Another similarity is that of demands that are placed upon Prometheus and Frankenstein. Frankenstein’s creation commands Frankenstein to make him a female friend. In Frankenstein’s bitterness he destroys his work on the female counterpart and claims that he had been â€Å"struck senseless by my creations fiendish threats (Shelley 121). The creation then punishes Frankenstein by killing Henry Clerval and Elizabeth. This parallels Prometheus in that he had the knowledge of the woman who will one day bear a son for Zeus that would one day dethrone the god. Prometheus is interrogated by one of the messengers of the god. He is threatened because he refuses to answer. Prometheus does not give away his knowledge. Both Frankenstein and Prometheus had enormous requests given to them. Both held their ground and did not give in to the people demanding their service and knowledge. Both Frankenstein’s monster and Prometheus’ clay molding of mankind have similarities.Show MoreRelatedMary Shelleys Frankenstein1689 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Fathers and Son, Frankenstein. The novel I have chosen to discuss is Frankenstein. Written in 1818 by Mary Shelley, Frankenstein is classified as a gothic novel, however, Shelly uses both realist and non-realist techniques. I will be looking at her reasons for writing the novel and what influenced her, as well as the realist and non-realist techniques used. I will be looking at some of the contemporary social issues that affected Shelley’s life at the time she wrote her novelRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein1179 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome determined to perfect at what they do. They eventually become tragically doomed through creating their own individual moral codes by struggling with their internal battles within their minds. Mary Shelley presents us the first persona of a romantic hero through Victor Frankenstein in her book Frankenstein. Shelley fabricates Victor as the main narrator throughout the book, along with Captain Walton and the creature, which Victor creates. Another hero during the Romant ic era is the Ancient MarinerRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Feminism1429 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Youshock Prof. Matthew Gerber HIST 1012 10/19/18 Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein: Feminism before it was mainstream? Writing a paper on the topic of Frankenstein days before Halloween might give you the wrong idea- lets clear something up straight away Frankenstein is the doctor not the monster and the monster doesn’t have a name (which we later learn is mildly important to the story). You see, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is arguably a story of creation, murder, love, and learning amongst manyRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein The characterization of Victor’s creature, the monster, in the movie although somewhat dramatically different from Mary Shelley’s portrayal in the novel Frankenstein also had its similarities. Shelley’s views of the monster were to make him seem like a human being, while the movie made the monster out to be a hideous creation. The creature’s appearance and personality are two aspects that differ between the novel and movie while his intellectual and tender sidesRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein In order to illustrate the main theme of her novel â€Å"Frankenstein†, Mary Shelly draws strongly on the myth of Prometheus, as the subtitle The Modern Prometheus indicates. Maurice Hindle, in his critical study of the novel, suggests, â€Å"the primary theme of Frankenstein is what happens to human sympathies and relationships when men seek obsessively to satisfy their Promethean longings to â€Å"conquer the unknown† - supposedly in the service of their fellow-humans†. ThisRead More Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein Nineteen-year-old Mary Shelley didn’t know when she began it that her â€Å"ghost story† would become an enduring part of classic literature. Frankenstein is an admirable work simply for its captivating plot. To the careful reader, however, Shelley’s tale offers complex insights into human experience. The reader identifies with all of the major characters and is left to heed or ignore the cautions that their situations provide. Shelley uses the second person narrativeRead MoreEssay on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1643 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein In 1818 a novel was written that tingled people’s minds and thrilled literary critics alike. Frankenstein was an instant success and sold more copies than any book had before. The immediate success of the book can be attributed to the spine-tingling horror of the plot, and the strong embedded ethical message. Although her name did not come originally attached to the text, Mary Shelley had written a masterpiece that would live on for centuries. Read MoreEvil in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1462 Words   |  6 PagesMary Shelleys Frankenstein is very much a commentary on the Enlightenment and its failure to tame the human condition through reason. The human condition can be defined as the unique features which mold a human being. The creature is undoubtedly a victim of this predicament. He grapples with the meaning of life, the search for gratification, the sense of curiosity, the inevitability of isolation, and the awareness of the inescapability of death. These qualities and his ceaseless stalking of hisRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages Mary Shelley wrote the book Frankenstein sometime in the 1810s. She was born in London in 1797 (Biography). Her mother was an author of prime literary stock who was trying to encourage women to pursue their ideas and strive to earn the status as equals. The Scientific and Industrial Revolutions that were taking place around Mary Shelley certainly influ enced her while she was writing the book. The creation of machines and experiments at the time made people wonder what the limit of human technologyRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay846 Words   |  4 Pages Shelley’s Frankenstein does an excellent job at demonstrating the ideas and accomplishments of the enlightenment period. Shelly expresses these ideas and thoughts through the character of Victor Frankenstein who is an aspiring scientist seeking an intellectual challenge. Victor Frankenstein live s his hometown of Geneva and leaves in quest of a valued education in Ingolstadt. When Victor arrives at college he is lonely and finds himself in a new world in which he lives by himself. He than meets

Mental Health Counseling Integrating Consultation Free Essays

Abstract With the meshing of consultation and advocacy, mental health counselors can both assist in dealing with the issues that their clients face personally, but also help to make better the world around them. In order to respond to the thesis questions presented in this paper, we must first define consultation and social justice advocacy within the counseling context. Typically, consultation means a general meeting or conference between parties. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health Counseling: Integrating Consultation or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the counseling context however, we can say that it â€Å"usually involves three parties: a consultant, a consultee, and a client system. The consultant delivers direct service to the consultee, who delivers direct service to a client system† (Doherty, 1990). Consultation for professional counselors typically involves acting on behalf of an identified client (or student) through interaction with another professional consultee or other stakeholder in the client’s welfare (Brown, Pryzwansky, Schulte, 2010; Kampwirth, 2006; Kurpius Fuqua, 1993). The consultee may also be conceptualized as a system or organization that serves an identified client or student population (Brown et al. , 2010; Moe Perera-Diltz, 2009). With these definitions, a counseling consultant relationship could be thought of as a chain of assistance in dealing with client issues. Advocacy, typically in regards to social justice, is a way in which a change is brought into society. In a historical context, the mental health reforms that Clifford Beers brought about in the late 1800s were an impactful form of social advocacy. Beers launched one of the earliest client-advocate health reform movements in the United States. A former patient who was institutionalized for three years, Beers led national and international efforts to improve institutional care, challenge the stigma of mental illness, and promote mental health. His efforts resulted in a major shift in attitudes toward mental illness, as well as the introduction of guidance counselors in US schools and the inclusion of evidence of a defendant’s psychological state in law courts (Parry, 2010). Consultation and social justice advocacy may not be exactly similar, but they can be used as cohesive tools that counselors use in order to help their clients. Though scholars continue to identify concerns regarding how the specific nature and scope of social justice advocacy for counselors will be defined (Nelson-Jones, 2002; Roysircar, 2009; Weinrach Thomas, 2004), in 2003 the American Counseling Association (ACA) endorsed the creation and publication of the Advocacy Competencies (Lewis et al. , 2003) for professional counselors. Along with the publication of this special issue, scholarship has focused on making the case for social justice (Prilletensky Prilletensky, 2003; Vera Speight, 2003), and on synthesizing the social justice counseling paradigm with other key counseling perspectives such as multicultural theory (Constantine et al. , 2007; Crethar et al. , 2008) and school counseling (Bemak Chung, 2008; Dahir Stone, 2009). The idea of meshing consultation with social advocacy is prudent because we as counselors should work not only to better the lives of our clients but of the world around them. There seems to be an obvious association with mental health and the groups to which social justice advocacy is most needed. Negative experiences of historically marginalized groups can lead to psychological dysfunction and an overall decline in mental health (Chang, Hays, Milliken, 2009). The American Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics states that counselors should â€Å"recognize historical and social prejudices in the misdiagnosis and pathologizing of certain individuals and groups and the role of mental health professionals in perpetuating these prejudices through diagnosis and treatment. The need for counselors to integrate social justice advocacy with consultation stems from the fact that much of the clientele that is seeking out mental health services have suffered in some form or another from social injustice(s). It is imperative in cases like this that a balance is made between providing both consultation and advocacy to our clients. In working with populations that have experienced social injustices such as poverty, racial intimidations, abuse, etc. t is the responsibility of the counselor to be the voice for those who cannot speak up for themselves. Practices such as collaborating with multiple stakeholder groups and identifying institutional polices that may promote marginalization of vulnerable community members are used by both consultants (Brown, 1993; Kampwirth, 2006) and advocates (Vera Speight, 2003). While it is important to understand the social injustices that many clients face, it is also critical to know exactly why these injustices occur. It is also important that counselors attempt to change the structures that are responsible for the oppression of mental health clients. This social justice movement is sometimes referred to as professional counseling’s fifth force (Ratts, D’Andrea, Arredondo, 2004)—in other words advocacy counseling. Counseling is indeed an effective and powerful tool in helping the less fortunate with their problems. However, counseling by itself is cannot be used to advance clients’ wellbeing. There must be an interlocking of counseling, consultation and social advocacy. That is, the oppressed clientele would greatly benefit from outside consultants that have the capability of promoting change within the corrosive environments in which they live. Authors Ratts and Hutchins (2009) have also highlighted how counselors-as advocates often adopt the role of consultant to promote empowerment of clients and students (Moe, Perera-Diltz, Sepulveda, 2010). Advocacy can play an important role in many aspects of alleviating the plight of the oppressed population of mental health clients. For example, advocacy can assist in supporting equitable access to needed medical services. It can also help to reduce the discrimination experienced by consumers within the health care system by facilitating communication with health care providers and by addressing any prejudicial beliefs health care providers may hold. Finally, advocates can assist consumers in addressing any discrimination that they may experience within the health care system (Stylianos Kehyayan, 2012). If not for the advocacy of interest groups, doctors, nurses, patients, politicians, etc. the recent healthcare system changes may never have been signed into law which would have left millions still without access to affordable healthcare coverage or being denied access for discriminatory reasons. If a client does not have health insurance or the means to pay for services, a consultant could be utilized as a third party source in order to help the client have access to mental health services. Consultants in this situation could range from a social worker, a career counselor or welfare office. The importance of children’s mental health in early development has long been documented, and many advocates have made impassioned pleas for additional resources for both children and their parents during the early years. A hypothetical program in which a mental health counselor could serve both as a consultant and an advocate would be to have counselors readily available to under privileged pre-school children in an outside child-care setting. The counselors could serve as a means of providing intervention of serious future problems that these children may have as they mature. These counselors can also help teachers and parents deal with issues of challenging behavior or even learning disabilities. The function of a mental health counselor that is serving as a consultant in this type of surrounding would be very different than they typical one-to-one therapy that usually occurs between counselor and client. The role of a consultant in this sort of program would be to work as a team with a child-care center staff to recognize and deal with difficult behaviors and/or learning behaviors successfully. They would also serve as coach or mentor to families dealing with challenging issues at home and could help them access quality behavioral health services outside of the pre-school setting. In regards to social advocacy in this hypothetical program, emphasis can be made on the lack of healthcare afforded to children. According to a report from the U. S. Surgeon General, current estimates of children that are not being provided health care services are vast: â€Å"one in five children is estimated to have a mental health problem that impairs functioning, while less than half of all children and one third of adults with a diagnosable mental disorder receive any kind of services†. Inadequate finances from families of mentally ill children can be a main reason that children go without quality mental health services. Another cause can be attributed to the stigma surrounding mental illness. This can ring exceptionally true among low-income families and minorities. To erase this type of stigma, it may be helpful for a mental health consultant in this type of program to ease into the role of therapist as one-to-one counseling may be too overwhelming for those who come into the process with a set of preconceived beliefs. They could offer classes on how to deal with a child’s difficult behavior or problem specific support groups such as a group for single parents learning to deal with their child’s emotions. The job of a mental health counselor is rewarding in that it offers scores of opportunities to impact the lives of others, not just through one-to-one counseling but also through being the voice of the less fortunate through consultation and advocacy. A dedicated counselor should not only provide a sympathetic ear for a client to speak to, but should also take advantage of their power to promote real change for those who really need it. By incorporating both consultation and advocacy into a counselor’s course of action into the treatment plans of their clients, both counselor and client will build an even stronger rapport than thought possible. References Bemak, F. , Chi-Yi Chung, R. (2008). New professional roles and advocacy strategies for school counselors: A multicultural/social justice perspective to move beyond the nice counselor syndrome. Journal of Counseling Development, 86, 372-381. Brown, D. , Pryzwansky, W. , Schulte, A. (2010). Psychological consultation and collaboration: Introduction to theory and practice (7th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson. Chang, C. Y. , Hays, D. G. , Milliken, T. F. (2009). Addressing social justice issues in supervision: A call for client and professional advocacy. The Clinical Supervisor, 28, 20-35. doi: 10. 1080/07325220902855144 Constantine, M. , Hage, S. , Kindaichi, M. , Bryant, R. (2007). Social justice and multicultural issues: Implications for the practice and training of counselors and counseling psychologists. Journal of Counseling Development, 85, 24-29. Crethar, H. , Torres Rivera, E. , Nash, S. (2008). In search of common threads: Linking multicultural, feminist, and social justice counseling paradigms. Journal of Counseling Development, 86, 269-278. Dahir, C. , Stone, C. (2009). School counselor accountability: The path to social justice and systemic change. Journal of Counseling Development, 87, 12-20. Dougherty, A. M. (1990). Consultation: Practice and perspectives. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Kampwirth, T. J. (2006). Collaborative consultation in the schools. (3rd ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill. Kurpius, D. , Fuqua, D. (1993). Fundamental issues in defining consultation. Journal of Counseling Development, 71, 598-600. Lewis, J. , Arnold, M. , House, R. , Toporek R. (2003). Advocacy Competencies. Retrieved from www. counseling. org/Counselors. Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, U. S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, pgs. 76–77. Moe, J. , Perera-Diltz, D. (2009). An overview of systemic-organizational consultation for professional counselors. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory, , 27, 27-37. Nelson-Jones, R. (2002). Diverse goals for multicultural counselling and therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15, 133-144. Parry, Manon. (2010) From a Patient’s Perspective: Clifford Whittingham Beers’ Work to Reform Mental Health Services. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12). 2356-7. Prilleltensky, I. , Prilleltensky, O. (2003). Synergies for wellness and liberation in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 273-281. Ratts, M. J. , D’Andrea, M. Arredondo, P. (2004, July). Social justice counseling: Fifth force in counseling. Counseling Today, 28-30. Roysircar, G. (2009). The big picture of advocacy: Counselor, heal society and thyself. Journal of Counseling Development, 87, 288-294. Stylianos, S. Kehyayan, V. (2012) Advocacy: Critical Component in a Comprehensive Mental Health System. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(1). Vera, E. , Speight, S. (2003). Mult icultural competence, social justice, and counseling psychology: Expanding our roles. The Counseling Psychologist, 31, 253-272. How to cite Mental Health Counseling: Integrating Consultation, Essay examples

Slavery Essays (1334 words) - Racism, , Term Papers

Slavery Slavery in America stems well back to when the new world was first discovered and was led by the country to start the African Slave Trade- Portugal. The African Slave Trade was first exploited for plantations in that is now called the Caribbean, and eventually reached the southern coasts of America (Slavery Two; Milton Meltzer). The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually worked in the homes, cooking and cleaning, whereas men were sent out into the plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house also and young boys would help in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops. Since trying to capture the native Indians, the Arawaks and Caribs, failed (Small-Pox had killed them), the Europeans said out to capture African slaves. They were shipped from Africa by the Europeans in what was called The Triangular Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. This was an organized route where Europeans would travel to Africa bringing manufactured goods, capture Africans and take them to the Caribbean, and then take the crops and goods and bring them back to Europe. The African people, in order to communicate invented a language that was a mixture of all the African languages combined, called Creole. This language now varies from island to island. They also kept their culture which accounts for calypso music and the instruments used in these songs. Slavery was common all over the world until 1794 when France signed the Act of the National Convention abolishing slavery. It would take America about a hundred years to do the same (Slavery Two; Milton Meltzer). George Washington was America's hero. He was America's first president. He was a slave owner. He deplored slavery but did not release his slaves. His will stated that they would be released after the death of his wife (The Volume Library; 1988). Washington wasn't the only president to have slaves. Thomas Jefferson wrote, "All men are created equal" but died leaving his blacks in slavery. In 1775 black Americans were sent to fight in the revolutionary army. The British proposed that if a black man was to join their army, they would be set free afterwards. America originally planned not to let the blacks fight in the army, but when hearing this, let them enlist. Only Georgia and South Carolina refused to let them enlist, but paid for their racism when each lost 25,000 blacks to the British. The slaves returned on an honourable discharge after securing America's freedom, but not their own (Software Toolworks Encyclopedia; 1992). Slavery continued and so did the numbers of slaves trying to escape to the free states or into Canada. A runaway slave would be found by bloodhounds, trained to find black slaves. Then the slave, upon returning, would be executed or severely whipped. The "Underground Railroad" was a project that helped black slaves escape into Canada, especially Amherstburg. The system involved 3,000 white helpers and freed an estimated 75,000 people after the civil war. Slavery in the middle of the 1800's was abolished except for the rebellion states in the south. In 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued which made slavery illegal in the states that had rebelled and allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on the plantations, as employees making money. The nightmare of slavery was over but a new one was to begin. One that was worse for it was prevalent but was secret and silent. One that exists today. One that does not shrink but rather grows. Racism was and is upon us. Racism "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character" (Martin Luther King Jr.) Ku Klux Klan. Neo Nazis. The Aryan Nations. The American Nazi Party. What are these groups? Why are they present in a land of supposed equality of all men? They are there because there are millions of Americans that believe in their message of white pride. The African American population is growing and Americans are now a mixed group of people. Black